تعريف الوعد بالجائزة ( الجعالة):
اولا : فقهيا
الوعد بجائزة هو تصرف قانوني ينشأ بإرادة منفردة، وهي إرادة الواعد الذي يعلن للجمهور عن جائزة لمن يقوم بعمل معين ، ويعرف ايضا بأنه تخصيص أجر لشخص لن يتعين إلا بتنفيذ الأداء الذي حدده الواعد، كالإعلان عن جائزة لمن يعثر على شيء ضائع او يعلن شخص عن جائزة لمن يصنع دواء لمعالجة مرض مستعص، أو لمن يعثر على أشياء مفقودة أو لمن يخترع آلة لغرض معين .
والوعد بالجائزة معروف في الفقه الإسلامي، وقد عالجه الفقهاء تحت عنوان الجعالة. والجعالة في علم فروع الفقه هي: معاملة بعقد شرعي بمعنى: «التزام عوض معلوم على عمل معيّن معلوم، أو مجهول يعسر ضبطه»،أو هي: «تسمية مال معلوم لمن يعمل للجاعل عملا مباحا ولو مجهولا، أو لمن يعمل له مدة ولو مجهولة»،هي أن يجعل أحد شيئاً معلوماً لمن يعمل له عملاً كما لو قال صاحب حاجة فقدت منه، من ردها إليّ فله جائزة قدرها كذا
ثانيا : قانونا
عرف قانون المعاملات المدنية لدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة لسنة 1985 وتعديلاته في المادة (280) ف(1) مفهوم الوعد واثره بأنه( الوعد هو ما يفرضه الشخص على نفسه لغيره بالاضافة الى المستقبل لا على سبيل الالتزام في المال وقد يقع على عقد أو عمل).
صور واشكال الوعد بالجائز ( الجعالة):
نشير الي ان الوعد بالجائزة تتعدت صورها واشكالها فهي تنشأ بارادة منفردة علي حسب إرادة الواعد ونذكر علي سبيل المثال لا الحصر بعض من صور واشكال الوعد
وغيرها من الصور التي يصعب حصرها نظرا لاختلاف إرادة منشئ الالتزام .
اطراف الوعد بالجائزة ( الجعالة):
ب - الجمهور .
اركان الوعد بالجائزة ( الجعالة):
الاثآر المترتبة علي الوعد بالجائزة ( الجعالة):
نصت المادة (280)ف(2) من القانون سالف الذكر علي( ويلزم الوعد صاحبه ما لم يمت أو يفلس ) ونصت المادة (281)ف(1) من ذات القانون علي ( من وجه للجمهور وعدا بجائزة يعطيها عن عمل معين وعين له أجلا إلتزم بإعطاء الجائزة لمن قام بهذا العمل ولو قام به دون نظر الى الوعد بالجائزة ) ونصت الفقرة (2) من ذات المادة علي ( واذا لم يعين الواعد أجلا للقيام بالعمل جاز له الرجوع في وعده باعلان للكافة على ألا يؤثر ذلك في حق من أتم العمل قبل الرجوع في الوعد........الخ)
ومما سبق يتجلي لنا إن أثار الوعد بالجائزة لها حالتين وهما :
إذا كان الواعد قد حدد مدة إشتراط ان يتم العمل خلالها إلتزم الواعد بإرادته ولم يكن له حق الرجوع فيها ولكل من اتم العمل خلال هذه المدة اصبح مستحق لها ولو لم يعلم بوجود الجائزة وسواء إذا ما قام بهذا العمل قبل اعلان الواعد او بعده واصبح دائنا للجائزة في مواجهة الواعد الذي اصبح مدين بالجائزة ، وإذا انقضت المدة المحددة دون قيام شخص بالعمل المطلوب انقضي الالتزام الملقاة علي عاتق الواعد وتحلل نهائيا نتائج وعده واصبح هذا الالتزام كأن لم يكن ، ولكن يثور تساؤل حول إذا ما قام احد الاشخاص بالبدء في العمل محل الوعد وسبب له ضرر من جهة ومن الجهة الاخري ما إذا كان البدء في العمل محل الوعد سبب كسب للواعد
الجواب علي الجزئية الاولى فإن الشخص المضرور له حق الرجوع الي الواعد بتعويض الضرر الذي اصابه وفق قواعد المسئولية التقصيرية وليس وفق قواعد واساس الارادة المنفردة .
اما الجواب علي الجزئية الثانية من التساؤل الذي تمت اثارته فإنه يجوز للشخص الذي بدأ في العمل محل الوعد وانقضت الفترة المحددة او رجع الواعد عن وعده فإنه يجوز له الرجوع الي الواعد بمطالبة قضائية وفق احكام وقواعد الاثراء بلا سبب وليس وفق قواعد وأساس الارادة المنفردة ، وفي كلا الحالتين فإن لقاضي الموضوع السلطة التقديرية في البت في المطالبة وتقدير التعويض .
بمعني ماهو الاثر المترتب علي عدول او رجوع الواعد عن وعده الذي التزم به قبل انقضاء المدة المحدة ؟
ابتداء يكون الرجوع او العدول عن الوعد بطريق علني اي بذات طريق الاعلان عن الوعد بالجائزة
ام الجواب هو ايضا هنالك حالتين
ففي هذه الحالة يجوز الرجوع ومطالبة الواعد بتنفيذ التزامه اما وفق قواعد المسئولية التقصيرية او قواعد واحكام الإثراء بلا سبب ونجد ان قانون المعاملات المدنية الإماراتي قد نص علي الآثار المترتبة علي الرجوع في المادة (281)ف(2) على( ( وإذا لم يعين الواعد أجلا للقيام بالعمل جاز له الرجوع في وعده بإعلان للكافة على ألا يؤثر ذلك في حق من أتم العمل قبل الرجوع في الوعد........الخ)
ب - الوعد بجائزة بعد انجاز العمل
وفي هذه الحالة تصبح الجائزة حقا للشخص الذي قام بتنفيذ العمل محل الوعد ويصبح دائن للجائزة ولو لم يعلم بها وله الحق بالرجوع الي مطالبة الواعد المدين بها وفق احكام وقواعد الارادة المنفردة و يكون الواعد ملزما وملتزم باداء الجائزة الموعودة ، ولها ثلاثة صور
سقوط دعوي المطالبة بالجائزة ( الجعالة) والتقادم المسقط لها:
اذا قام احد الاشخاص بالقيام بالعمل محل الوعد فإن الاشتراط المعلق علي المدة المعينة اصبح التزام الواعد حالا في حال تحقيق العمل .
اذا كانت المدة المحددة للقيام بالعمل محل الوعد وتم العمل خلال هذه المدة المحددة وإن الواعد لم يرجع عن وعده فإن الشخص الذي قام بهذا العمل اصبح دائنا وله الحق في مطالبة الواعد المدين بها وفق قواعد واحكام الارادة المنفردة ولايسقط حقه في المطالبة بها الا طبقا للقواعد العامة في سقوط الحق بالتقادم ، إذ ينقضي حقه في المطالبة بالجائزة بالتقادم المسقط للحق ومدته (15 سنة).
وختاما فإن هذا جهدنا المتواضع ومعاذ الله ان يكون هذا الجهد خاليا من عيوب او اخطاء او نقص ولابد من وجود بعض الهفوات وهنات لانه جهد بشر .
والله ولي التوفيق
Transalation From Arabic To English
Defining the promise of reward (Ju’ala)
First: Jurisprudential
The promise of a prize is a legal act that arises from a unilateral will, which is the will of the promisor who announces to the public a prize for a person who performs a specific act. For a person who makes medicine to treat an incurable disease, or for someone who finds lost things, or for someone who invents a machine for a specific purpose.
The promise of the prize is well known in Islamic jurisprudence, and the jurists dealt with it under the title of ju’ala. And ju’ala in the branches of jurisprudence are a transaction with a legal contract meaning: “the obligation of a known compensation for a specific, known act, or an unknown act that is difficult to handle.” Or it is: “naming a known money for the one who works for the one who makes a permissible work, even if it is unknown, or for one who works for it even for an unknown period.” It is for someone to make something known to the one who works for him, as if a person said ‘’I lost something, whoever returned it to me has a reward of such-and-such’’.
Second: Legally
The Civil Transactions act of the United Arab Emirates of 1985 and its amendments in Article (280) q (1) define the concept of a promise and its effect as (a promise is what a person imposes on himself for others in addition to the future, not as a commitment to money and may fall into a contract or work).
Forms of a promise which is permissible (Ju’ala)
We point out that the promise of the prize goes in many forms, as it is created by a singular will according to the will of the one who promises.
a- Promise of a reward for someone who has find something lost related to the one who promised
b- Promise a prize for a person who performs a specific act, and that act is legitimate in accordance with the law and does not violate the rules of public order.
c- The promise of a prize for inventing medicine, or other such thing.
d- The promise of a prize that qualify for the first places, if the prize was for the winner of a competition or challenge.
And other images that are not difficult to enumerate due to the different will of the creator of the commitment.
Parties to the promise of the prize (Ju’ala)
a- A promising person (which includes a natural person and a legal person).
b - the public.
The pillars of the promise of reward (Ju’ala)
a- That the promise is issued by the promising person with a unilateral and final will, and that this will is sound and not tainted by any defect of the will, and the promising person should enjoy the legal capacity to cause this legal effect.
b- the promise and the obligation should be directed to the public. Promise and directive in an open way, and this is by means of publication in newspapers, or via audio-visual radio, or via the Internet (websites, social media), or through publications, or through messages, and other ways that allow everyone Knowing about it, and setting the standard for the public’s knowledge of this promise is that a large number of the public know about this promise.
c- the work subject to the promise should be specific or capable of being appointed, and that it is legitimate and does not violate the provisions and rules of public order so that the public is capable for doing the work, such as finding illegal items or inventing drugs and other works.
d- The prize to which the winner is committed in the event of achieving the result shall be subject of a certain promise or a subject to appointment, and the prize may be a sum of money, a paid flight or airline tickets, or a mobile phone, and may be a literary prize such as a medal, badge or shield and other prizes mentioned in the declaration by the promising.
Effects of the promise of reward (Ju’ala)
Article (280) of (2) of the aforementioned law stipulates (and the promise is binding on its holder unless he dies or becomes bankrupt) and Article (281) (1) of the same law stipulates that (Whoever offers the public a promise of a reward to be given to him for a specific work and has set a deadline for him He is obligated to give the award to the person who performed this act, even if he did it without regard to the promise of the award (paragraph (2) of the same article stipulates me) Going back on a promise etc...
From the above it becomes clear to us that the effects of the promise of reward have two cases:
Promise a prize before completing the work
If the promisor has specified a period during which the work is required to be completed, the promisor shall abide by his will and has no right of recourse to it. Everyone who completed the work during this period shall be entitled to it even if he did not know the existence of the award, and whether he performed this act before or after the promisor was announced and became a creditor of the award in the face of The promiser who became indebted to the prize, and if the specified period lapses without a person performing the required work, the obligation placed on the promiser lapses, and the results of his promise are finally analyzed, and this obligation becomes as if it had not existed. On the other hand, whether the commencement of the work, subject of the promise, is a reason for the promise’s gain
The answer to the first part is that the injured person has the right to refer to the one who promises to compensate the damage he sustained according to the rules of tort liability and not according to the rules and basis of unilateral will.
As for the answer to the second part of the question that was raised, it is permissible for the person who started the work that is the subject of the promise and the specified period has expired, or the promiser retracts his promise, then he may refer to the promising person with a judicial claim according to the provisions and rules of enrichment without reason and not according to the rules and basis of the unilateral will, and in both In both cases, the subject judge has the discretionary power to decide on the claim and assess the compensation.
Promising failure to promise:
Meaning, what is the effect of the promise's reversal or failure of his promise, which he committed to before the expiry of the specified period?
Firstly, the retraction or reversal of the promise shall be by public means, i.e., by the same way of announcing the promise of the prize and the answer is provided in these two cases:
1) The priority in the event that the promise is retracted and no one has completed the work, then in this case the obligation on the promiser has expired and the results of his promise are finally analyzed, and this obligation has become as if it had not been.
2) The second, which is in the event that the one who promises set back from his promise, and one of the people has completed the work
In this case, it is permissible to go back and ask the promisor to carry out his obligation either according to the rules of tort liability or the rules and provisions of enrichment without reason. We find that the UAE Civil Transactions Act has stipulated the effects of recourse in Article (281) (2) on ((and if the promisor does not specify a deadline to carry out the work, he may retract his promise by announcing it to all, provided that this does not affect the right of the one who completed the work before retracting the promise........ etc.)
The promise of a reward after completing the work
In this case, the award becomes a right for the person who carried out the work that is the subject of the promise and becomes a creditor of the award even if he did not know about it.
1) If the promiser specifies a period to carry out the work subject of the promise and one of the persons performs this work within the specified period.
2) If he did not specify a period and did not return to his promise and one of the persons carried out the work subject of the promise.
3) If he did not specify a period and retracted his promise, but one of the persons carried out the required work before retracting the promise.
Loss of the claim for the award ( ju’ala) and the statute of limitations for it
If a person performs the work that is the subject of the promise, the condition attached to the specified period becomes the promise’s obligation immediately in the event of the achievement of the work.
Forfeiture of the promise of the prize stipulated in the Civil Transactions Act of the United Arab Emirates of 1985 and its amendments in Article (281) (2) (The claim claiming the prize shall not be heard if it is not filed within three months from the date of announcing the waiver of the promise). Note that this period is a period of lapse that does not expire, that is, it does not lapse or stop.
The statute of limitations for the right to claim the award
If the specified period for carrying out the work is the subject of the promise and the work was done within this specified period, and if the promisor did not return from his promise, the person who performed this act became a creditor and has the right to claim the promisor who owes it according to the rules and provisions of the unilateral will, and his right to claim it does not fall except in accordance with the general rules in the Forfeiture of the right by prescription, as his right to claim the award expires by the statute of limitations forfeiting the right and its period is (15 years).
In conclusion, this is our humble effort, and God forbid that this effort be free from flaws, mistakes or shortcomings, and there must be some lapses and flaws because it is a human effort.
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